Former Monitor Deloitte director and Harvard professor Chris Argyris developed the double-loop learning construct to help access deeper institutional learning. It requires leaders and their organizations to examine the deeper values and beliefs that guide an organization and its culture. Double-loop learning involves changing the values and reasoning process by which people design action. Robert Putnam, founder of the Center for Applied Research, finds that double-loop learning “breaks the mold and asks the entire organization to learn.” Finally, Deliberate Leadership draws on three dimensions of alignment—individual, organizational, and relational. These dimensions depend on ethics, values, and competencies. When an individual and organization’s ethics and values are manifested through a leader’s competencies and expertise, there is alignment. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls these moments of alignment flow. Such flow is rewarding for the organization as it can achieve its goals in a productive and supportive way. Figure B. Comparing Critical, Tame, and Wicked Problems
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Ten Years in the Making
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