Endnotes
1 Interview with Shuichi Ohno, June 26, 2024. 2 Interview with Ken Shibusawa, June 3, 2024. 3 Geoffrey Jones, Gabriel Ellsworth and Ryo Takahashi, From Farm Boy to Financier: Eiichi Shibusawa and the Creation of Modern Japan , Harvard Business School Case 321-043, August 2020. (Revised July 2021.) 4 Shibusawa Eiichi Biographical Materials (In Japanese), Vol. 58, Chronological Table of Shibusawa Eiichi’s Enterprises, Section 2: Social and Public Enterprises (Tokyo). 5 Interview with Kotaro Sueyoshi, July 11, 2024. 6 Mizuho Group, “Our Strengths,” accessed October 3, 2024, https://www.mizuhogroup.com/who-we-are/our-strengths. 7 Ibid. 8 Press release from Mizuho Group, “Mizuho receives gold rating in PRIDE Index for LGBT+-related initiatives,” November 7, 2023. 9 Mizuho Group, accessed October 3, 2024, https://www.mizuhogroup.com/sustainability/business-activities/investment/ stewardship. “Stewardship responsibilities and ESG investment Initiatives at Asset Management One.” 10 World Bank Group, 2022, “Population, female (% of total population) – Japan.” 11 World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2024 , June 11, 2024. https://www.weforum.org/publications/ global-gender-gap-report-2024/. 12 Reina Sasaki, “Japan’s Gender Pay Gap Seen Higher Than OECD Peers Through 2054,” Bloomberg , September 9, 2024, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-09/japan-s-gender-pay-gap-seen-higher-than-oecd-peers- through-2054. 13 Gender Equity Bureau Cabinet Office, “Survey on violence between men and women,” 2022. 14 Aya Abe, “Poverty and Social Exclusion of Women in Japan,” Japanese Journal of Social Security Policy 9, no. 1 (March 2012): 61-82. 15 Financial Services Agency, “Proposals to Solve Gender Diversity Challenges in Japan’s Startup Ecosystem,” July 2022, https://www.fsa.go.jp/en/about/openpolicylab/dei_startup01.pdf. 16 Koyama Shizuko, “Ryosai Kenbo: The Educational Ideal of ‘Good Wife, Wise Mother’ in Modern Japan (The Intimate and the Public in Asian and Global Perspectives),” Translated by Stephen Filler, Educational Studies in Japan: International Yearbook no. 8 (March 2014): 159-161. 17 Koji Taira, Economic Development and the Labor Market in Japan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970). 18 International Monetary Fund, “World Economic Outlook Database,” October 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ WEO/weo-database/2023/October/download-entire-database. 19 Kazushi Ohkawa and Henry Rosovsky, Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973). 20 World Bank Group, “GDP (Current US$),” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. 21 Masahiro Hori and Satoshi Shimizutani, “Did Japanese consumers become more prudent during 1998–1999? Evidence from household-level data,” International Economic Journal 20, no. 2 (August 2006): 197-209. 22 World Bank Group, “GDP (Current US$)”. 23 World Bank Group, “World Development Indicators: Structure of value added,” https://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.2. 24 “Fortune Global 500,” Fortune , https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/. 25 The Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, 2022 White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan , https://www. chusho.meti.go.jp/pamflet/hakusyo/2022/PDF/2022hakusyosummary_eng.pdf. 26 “Japan’s small businesses are in trouble,” The Economist , December 4, 2021, https://www.economist.com/ asia/2021/12/04/ japans-small-businesses-are-in-trouble. 27 OECD, “The productivity gap between SMEs and large firms is relatively wide in Japan,” OECD Economic Surveys: Japan 2019 , (Paris: OECD Publishing, May 15, 2019). 28 Ben Dooley and Hisako Ueno, “Japan’s Business Owners Can’t Find Successors. This Man Is Giving His Away,” The New York Times , January 3, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/03/business/japan-businesses-succession.html. 29 John Rafferty and Kenneth Pletcher, “Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011,” Britannica, last updated September 14, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/Japan-earthquake-and-tsunami-of-2011. 30 Ibid. 31 Elizabeth Ferris and Mireya Solís, “Earthquake, Tsunami, Meltdown – The Triple Disaster’s Impact on Japan, Impact on the World,” Brookings, March 11, 2013, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/earthquake-tsunami-meltdown-the-triple-disasters- impact-on-japan-impact-on-the-world/.
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Ten Years in the Making
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