Endnotes
1 Yuriko Koike, “Tackling Gender Bias from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 2023. 2 Francis Tang, “Record number of women elected to Japan’s Lower House,” The Japan Times , October 28, 2024. 3 Anton Bridge and Irene Wang, “Japan’s new female ‘role models’ seek to empower other women,” Reuters, March 7, 2024. 4 Francis Tang, “Record number of women elected to Japan’s Lower House,” The Japan Times , October 28, 2024. 5 Mari Yamaguchi, “Women gradually rise in Japanese politics but face deep challenges,” Associated Press, July 9, 2024. 6 Sawako Shirahase and James M. Raymo, “Single Mothers and Poverty in Japan: The Role of Intergenerational Coresidence,” Social Forces ; 93, no. 2 (July 25, 2014): 545-69. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Japan), “Employment rate of women in Japan from 2014 to 2023,” Statista, 2024. 12 The Economist, “ The Economist’s glass-ceiling index,” March 6, 2024. 13 Yuki Terada and Hannah Dahlberg-Dodd, “Systemic changes necessary to achieve gender equality in Japan,” University of Tokyo, March 26, 2024. 14 Ibid. 15 Toshiko Kishida, “Daughters in Boxes,” trans. by Rebecca L. Copeland and Aiko Okamoto MacPhail in The Modern Murasaki: Writing by Women of Meiji Japan , eds. Rebecca L. Copeland and Melek Ortabasi (New York, Columbia University Press, 2006), 62-71. 16 Justin McCurry, “Japan has just 13 female CEOs among top 1,600 companies, survey shows,” The Guardian , September 18, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/japan-female-ceo-reports-survey. 17 Kohei Asao, Purva Khera, and Mahima Vasishth, “Why Such Few Women in Leadership Positions in Japan,” International Monetary Fund, July 1, 2024. 18 Tokyo Shoko Research, “11th Nationwide Female CEO Survey”, July 11, 2022. 19 Kohei Asao, Purva Khera, and Mahima Vasishth, “Why Such Few Women in Leadership Positions in Japan? Japan,” International Monetary Fund, July 1, 2024. 20 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Gender Wage Gap Data , 2022. 21 OECD, Gender Wage Gap Data , 2022. 7 Abe Aya, “Trends in Relative Poverty Rates (2022 Survey Update),” 2024. 8 World Economic Forum, “Global Gender Gap Report 2024,” June 11, 2024. 22 Yuko Kachi et al. “Association between Maternity Harassment and Depression during Pregnancy amid the COVID‐19 State of Emergency.” Journal of Occupational Health 63, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e12196. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12196. 23 Gender Equity Bureau Cabinet Office, “Survey on violence between men and women,” 2022. 24 Ibid. 25 Keith Grint, “Problems, Problems, Problems: The Social Construction of Leadership,” Human Relations 58, no. 11 (2005). 26 Jack Zenger and Joseph Folkman, “Episode 23: Are Women Better Leaders Than Men?” January 31, 2023. 27 Kevin Kruse, “New Research: Women More Effective Than Men in All Leadership Measures,” Forbes , March 31, 2023. https:// www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2023/03/31/new-research-women-more-effective-than-men-in-all-leadership-measures/. 28 Cynthia Adams and Lani Van Dusen, “Understanding the Differences in Reactive and Creative Orientations Between Female and Male Leaders,” Leadership Circle, 2023. 29 McKinsey & Company, “Diversity matters even more: The case for holistic impact,” December 5, 2023, https://www.mckinsey. com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-matters-even-more-the-case-for-holistic-impact. 30 Masaya Nishihata and Isamu Yamamoto, “The Relationship between Female Employment and Firm Performance Taking Biases in Reporting into Account,” Economic Analysis 201: 1–16, (2021). (In Japanese) 31 Ito, M., and Y. Monoe, “Trends and Corporate Performances of Female Appointment in Japanese Firms.” Daiwa Institute of Research Annual Report, 21 New Year Issue: 64-91 (2016). (In Japanese) 32 Angela Z. Allen, “50-50 Gender Balance”, Women Moving Millions (2015), http://www.womenmovingmillions.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/10/ALL-IN-FOR-HER-100-FACTS-ON-WOMEN-AND-GIRLS.pdf 33 Interview with Nanako Kudo, November 22, 2024. 34 Ibid. 35 Bloomberg , “Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index,” 2023. 36 Ibid. 37 “Work with Pride, Pride Index 2024,” November 14, 2024 (in Japanese).
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Ten Years in the Making
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